Matt Rafalow is a Ph.D. candidate in sociology at UC Irvine, and a researcher for the Connected Learning Research Network. http://mattrafalow.org/
Tech-minded educators and startups increasingly point to big data as the future of learning. Putting schools in the cloud, they argue, opens new doors for student achievement: greater access to resources online, data-driven and individualized curricula, and more flexibility for teachers when designing their lessons. When I started my ethnographic study of high tech middle schools I had these ambitions in mind. But what I heard from teachers on the ground provided a much more complicated story to the politics of data collection and use in the classroom.
For example, Mr. Kenworth, an art teacher and self-described techie, recounted to me with nerdy glee how he hacked together a solution to address bureaucratic tape that interfered with his classes. Administrators at Sheldon Junior High, the Southern California-based middle school where he taught, required that all student behavior online be collected and linked to individual students. Among the burdens that this imposed on teachers’ curricular flexibility was how it limited students’ options for group projects. “I oversee yearbook,” he said. “The school network can be slow, but more than that it requires that students log in and it’s not always easy for them to edit someone else’s files.” Kenworth explained that data tracking in this way made it harder for student file sharing with one another, minimizing opportunities to easily and playfully co-create documents, like yearbook files, from their own computers.
As a workaround to the login-centered school data policy, Kenworth secretly wired together a local area network just for his students’ yearbook group. “I’m the only computer lab on campus with its own network,” he said. “The computers are not connected to the district. They’re using an open directory whereas all other computers have to navigate a different system.” He reflected on why he created the private network. “The design of these data systems is terrible,” he said, furrowing his brow. “They want you to use their technology and their approach. It’s not open at all.”
Learning about teachers’ frustrations with school data collection procedures revealed, to me, the pressure points imposed on them by educational institutions’ increasing commitment to collect data on student online behavior. Mr. Kenworth’s tactics, in particular, make explicit the social structures in place that tie the hands of teachers and students as they use digital technologies in the classroom. Whereas much of the scholarly writing in education focuses on inequalities that emerge from digital divides, like unequal access to technology or differences in kids’ digital skill acquisition, little attention is paid to matters of student privacy. Most of the debates around student data occurs in across news media – academia, in classic form, has not yet caught up to these issues. But education researchers need to begin studying data collection processes in schools because they are shaping pedagogy and students’ experience of schooling in important ways. At some schools I have studied, like where Mr. Kenworth teaches, administrators use student data to not only discipline children but also to inform recommendations for academic tracks in high school. Students are not made aware that this data is being collected nor how it could be used.
Students and their families are being left out of any discussion about the big datasets being assembled that include online behaviors linked to their children. This reflects, I believe, an unequal distribution of power driven by educational institutions’ unchecked procedures for supplying and using student data. The school did not explicitly prohibit Mr. Kenworth’s activities, but if they found out they would likely reprimand him and link his computers to the district network. But Kenworth’s contention that this data collection processes limits how he can run his yearbook group extends far beyond editing shared yearbook files. It shows just how committed schools are to collecting detailed information about their students’ digital footprints. At the present moment, what they choose to do with that data is entirely up to them.